He named this component ytterbia and hypothesized that it was a compound of a new element, which he named ytterbium. Ytterbium is normally difficult to separate from other rare earths, but ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques developed in the mid- to late 20th century have simplified separation. [10], As an even-numbered lanthanide, in accordance with the Oddo-Harkins rule, ytterbium is significantly more abundant than its immediate neighbors, thulium and lutetium, which occur in the same concentrate at levels of about 0.5% each. The solution is then applied to a resin, which different lanthanides bind in different matters. The metal is extracted from the solution as oxalate and converted to oxide by heating. [43][44], Usually, low concentrations of ytterbium are used. Its electrical resistance increases tenfold when raising the pressure The oxide is reduced to metal by heating with lanthanum, aluminium, cerium or zirconium in high vacuum. The Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach independently isolated these elements from ytterbia at about the same time, but he called them aldebaranium and cassiopeium;[10] the American chemist Charles James also independently isolated these elements at about the same time. [9], Ytterbium is quite electropositive, and it reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form ytterbium(III) hydroxide:[13], Ytterbium reacts with all the halogens:[13], The ytterbium(III) ion absorbs light in the near infrared range of wavelengths, but not in visible light, so ytterbia, Yb2O3, is white in color and the salts of ytterbium are also colorless. Ytterby is the site of a quarry which yielded many unusual minerals containing rare earths and other elements. Ytterbium-169 is one such radioactive isotope that … Compounds of ytterbium are rare and have not yet been well characterized. [22] Ytterbium(II) iodide (YbI2) may be used, like samarium(II) iodide, as a reducing agent for coupling reactions. [54] All compounds of ytterbium are treated as highly toxic, although studies appear to indicate that the danger is minimal. However, like the other lanthanides, its most common oxidation state is +3, as in its oxide, halides, and other compounds. Ytterbium was isolated in 1878 by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac at the University of Geneva. Its melting and boiling points are also significantly lower than those of thulium and lutetium. These elements are identical with aldebaranium and cassiopeium, discovered independently and at about the same time by von Welsbach. It is also the 70th element on the periodic table. It is the fourteenth and penultimate element in the lanthanide series, which is the basis of the relative stability of its +2 oxidation state. Most ytterbium compounds are found in the +3 oxidation state, and its salts in this oxidation state are nearly colorless. Ytterbium is a chemical element with symbol Yb and atomic number 70. The name comes from Ytterby, a mine in Sweden where ytterbium, terbium, erbium, and yttrium were first found in minerals. At high concentrations, the ytterbium-doped materials show photodarkening[45] Ytterbium lasers are highly efficient, have long lifetimes and can generate short pulses; ytterbium can also easily be incorporated into the material used to make the laser. Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac. [30][31][32] The Commission on Atomic Mass, consisting of Frank Wigglesworth Clarke, Wilhelm Ostwald, and Georges Urbain, which was then responsible for the attribution of new element names, settled the dispute in 1909 by granting priority to Urbain and adopting his names as official ones, based on the fact that the separation of lutetium from Marignac's ytterbium was first described by Urbain. Isotopes. [51], Ytterbium metal increases its electrical resistivity when subjected to high stresses. Holmium: Discovered independently n 1878 by Per Teodor Cleve, Marc Delafontaine and Louis Soret 68. Ytterbium is relatively stable, but should be stored in a closed container to protect it from moisture and air. It is thought that Austrian scientist Carl Auer von Welsbach also did this around the same time. The first concentrate of ytterbium was obtained in 1878 by Swiss chemist Jean-Charles Galissard de Marignac and named by him for the town of Ytterby, Sweden, where it (and the first discovered rare-earth element, yttrium) was found. His former supervisor, Jacob Berzelius, had discovered the new element cerium in cerite. [55] Metallic ytterbium dust can spontaneously combust,[56] and the resulting fumes are hazardous. NIST physicists reported in the August 22, 2013 issue of Science Express that the ytterbium clocks' ticks are stable to within less than two parts in 1 quintillion (1 followed by 18 zeros), roughly 10 times better than the previous best published results for other atomic clocks. Ytterbium is weakly paramagnetic, having the lowest magnetic susceptibility of all the rare-earth metals. In 1787, part-time chemist Carl Axel Arrhenius found a heavy black rock in an old quarry near the Swedish village of Ytterby (now part of the Stockholm Archipelago). [23] Ytterbium(III) fluoride (YbF3) is used as an inert and non-toxic tooth filling as it continuously releases fluoride ions, which are good for dental health, and is also a good X-ray contrast agent. [9], Ytterbium forms both dihalides and trihalides with the halogens fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The chemical and physical properties of ytterbium could not be determined with any precision until 1953, when the first nearly pure ytterbium metal was produced by using ion-exchange processes. Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals. The primary decay mode of ytterbium isotopes lighter than the most abundant stable isotope, 174Yb, is electron capture, and the primary decay mode for those heavier than 174Yb is beta decay. Ytterbium has seven naturally occurring isotopes that include ytterbium-176, ytterbium-168, ytterbium-170, ytterbium-172, ytterbium-171, ytterbium-173 and ytterbium-174. [14][15], Ytterbium is found with other rare earth elements in several rare minerals. Hi, I'm Tim and I want to welcome you to wanttoknowit.com. It is a part of the lanthanide category of elements and is classified a rare earth element. The elements in yttria have very similar properties. It was discovered in 1878 by the Swiss scientist Galissard Charles de Marignac in the mineral Gadolinite. The first concentrate of ytterbium was obtained in 1878 by Swiss chemist Jean-Charles Galissard de Marignac and named by him for the town of Ytterby, Sweden, where it (and the first discovered rare-earth element, yttrium) was found. It is impossible to get 100% pure Ytterbium. [9], Ytterbium was discovered by the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in the year 1878.
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